Gender Roles in Beowulf and The Decameron Essay

The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf and Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron recount to altogether different stories, yet by the by can be said to share one basic scholarly component: the portrayal of sex. Both Beowulf and a considerable lot of the tales in the Decameron speak to ladies similar to the subject to men in all regards. Beowulf is a manly epic out and out, in which ladies are missing, quiet or in any case only a device that serves the universe of men. In The Decameron then again, in spite of the fact that ladies are available in all the narratives, Boccaccio makes them the casualties of his incongruity the greater part of the occasions, envisioning them either as adulteresses or as straightforward creatures that totally need shrewdness, similar to the lady who leaves herself alone convinced by her sweetheart that he is simply the holy messenger Gabriel. In any case, in both Boccaccio’s stories and in Beowulf the job of the ladies is significantly all the more fascinating to see when the creators expect to give a positive portrayal of them, as perfect ladies. The perfect ladies for the two writings, Griselda in Boccaccio’s hundred story and Wealhtheow in Beowulf offer without a doubt a decent understanding into the manner by which ladies were spoken to: they are proposed to be certain figures, yet they are perfect just insomuch as they are immaculate devices that serve in the men’s world. In this way, Beowulf is as Gillian Overing takes note of, a completely manly epic, which concentrates just on bravery. The universe of men is precisely developed: it is totally made out of men’s wishes, men’s activities, etc: â€Å"Beowulf is an overwhelmingly manly sonnet; it could be viewed as an annal of male want, a story of men dying†¦There is a bad situation for ladies in the manly economy of Beowulf. â€Å"(Overing, 69) Beowulf is the legend and later the lord, who spares the Danish individuals of the amazing beast Grendel and of his mom. The not many ladies who show up in the story are for the most part referenced legitimately as instruments in the realm of men, as â€Å"peace-weavers† all the more precisely, as Hrothgar’s little girl for instance, who is referenced straightforwardly as a â€Å"promise† to a specific man, as a way to carry harmony to the realm: â€Å"Oft to the legends Hrothgar’s little girl,/to barons thus, the brew cup offered, â€/she whom I heard these lobby mates/Freawaru name, when worried gold/she proffered the warriors. Guaranteed is she,/gold-decked/servant, to the happy child of Froda. /Sage this appears to the Scylding’s-companion,/kingdom’s-guardian: he checks it astute/the lady to marry so and avert fight,/store of butcher. Be that as it may, sometimes ever/when men are killed, does the homicide skewer sink/yet briefest while, however the lady of the hour be reasonable! † It is very certain that this lady will likely bomb even in her unassuming job, as a harmony producer, as per the expectation of the mysterious creator. Wealhtheow, sovereign to Hrothgar is the main lady who is given a voice in the sonnet by any stretch of the imagination. Her two talks, one routed to her lord and the other to Beowulf mark significant minutes in the sonnet, and she nearly appears to have a specific force. She exhorts her ruler not to embrace Beowulf as a child, since he as of now has two children of his claims, and promises him to his promise by offering a cup. She at that point goes to Beowulf and offers another representative item, a neck-ring as an award for his accomplishments of courage and urges him to battle again and stand up to death: â€Å"Enjoy this neck-ring with wellbeing, Beowulf, dearest youth, and utilize this corselet, of our people’s treasure; thrive well, pronounce yourself with quality, and be somewhat insight to these young people. I will make sure to compensate you for that. You have achieved it that men will adulate you from far and close for quite a while to come†¦. Here each aristocrat is consistent with the other, gentle of heart, faithful to his ruler; the thanes are joined together, the individuals willing; the wine-drinking warriors do as I offer. † (â€Å"Beowulf†, 1216-1231) In both these occurrences, the Danish sovereign appears to hold some control over the occasions and the universe of men, since she performs such emblematic acts and since she herself announces that the warriors comply with her. Be that as it may, it is very evident that she likewise is an instrument simply like different ladies referenced in the content. She doesn't play out her own will, yet just goes about as a perfect device for men that takes the cup from one of them and offers it to another. It very well may be said that Wealhtheow is simply an arbiter and a harmony bearer in the sonnet, much the same as different ladies spoke to. As Gillian Overing comments, in Beowulf ladies serve just as go betweens for the partnerships between men, either through marriage or through emblematic, minor acts: â€Å"While we have no chance to get of speculating Beowulf’s sexuality, or at the poet’s or the hero’s individual perspectives on marriage, we can't overlook the quality of communicated manly want in the sonnet. Force and energy are situated in the obligations of faithfulness and fellowship manufactured among men, and marriage is esteemed as an augmentation of this bigger enthusiastic setting. †(Overing, 72) Thus, Wealhtheow is a perfect lady in Beowulf insomuch as she fills the needs in men’s world, her will essentially corresponding with the wants of men. In the last story of The Decameron, one of the not many that really have a â€Å"happy† finishing, Griselda the humble little girl of a shepherd is hitched to the Marquis of Saluzzo. Her job in the story is strikingly like that of Wealhtheow in Beowulf, regardless of whether the setting is totally different. In the story Gualtieri is a commonplace man, who as appeared from the beginning, is engrossed distinctly with men’s business, for example, chasing, and scorns the possibility of marriage: â€Å"†¦having neither spouse nor youngster, [he] sat back in nothing else yet in peddling and chasing, and of taking a wife and conceiving kids had no idea; wherein he ought to have been accounted very wise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Boccaccio, 837) As the creator proclaims, taking a wife would be totally impulsive, recommending that ladies are just irksome acquisitions for men. Be that as it may, Gualtieri is hitched finally, however picks the little girl of a shepherd, in order to ensure she will be bound to obey him in all things: â€Å"He then asked her, regardless of whether, in the event that he took her to spouse, she would concentrate to agree to his desires, and be not wroth, regardless of what he may state or do, and be obedient†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Boccaccio, 840) After a couple of cheerful years, he starts to intentionally torment his better half, through savage acts, for example, removing her kids and causing her to accept they are dead or mortifying her for her base condition before everybody. This is done obviously to attempt the wife’s persistence and her cutoff points in her complete submission to her better half. At long last, he causes her to accept he will wed once more, however rather brings her little girl, and the story closes well. The good is very apparent: Boccaccio endeavored to depict his concept of the ideal lady, that is the lady is nothing else except for an instrument of man’s will. Griselda is so unobtrusive as to see herself as dishonorable of any sort of respect, thus tolerant as to hold up under peacefully her significant other remorselessness: â€Å"My master, do with me as thou mayst consider best for thine own respect and solace, for well I wot that I am of less record than they, and shameful of this good domain †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Boccaccio, 842) Her similitude to Wealhtheow is currently obvious: both the sovereign in Beowulf and Griselda are perfect ladies simply because they serve men appropriately, as instruments, that don't have any will of their own. In this manner, the champions of the two writings, in spite of the fact that they show up in altogether different settings, are clearly spoken to similarly, that is, as instruments that are in concordance with men’s undertakings and wants. Their flawlessness comes definitely from their nullity as characters, as people of their own will. Them two are spouses as a matter of first importance, and are characterized uniquely through this job. In spite of the fact that their creators planned a positive portrayal of ladies through them, they are in actuality simply helpful gadgets for men, with no genuine consistence of their own. Works Cited: Risden, Edward L. tr. Beowulf. Troy: Whitston Publishing, 1994. Boccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron. New York: Signet Classics, 2003 Overing, Gillian R. Language, Sign and Gender in ‘Beowulf. ’ Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990.

How have ideas of realism been conceptualized and put into practice by Essay

How have thoughts of authenticity been conceptualized and tried by filmakers - Essay Example Very little idea is put on the area and point of the cameras making the efforts yet rather the recording is pretty much left to run its course with the cameras only there to catch and make efforts . On occasion which is for the most part more often than not, the shots taken wind up being not fresh or fine, yet this is the intension since it energizes the crowd a progressively included mental support since it permits them to investigate and welcome the full unpredictability and lavishness of the shots. Another significant thing to note in pragmatist films is the effortlessness of its altering which is however much as could reasonably be expected kept to the insignificant side this is on the grounds that it is accepted that a lot of altering impacts the crowds translation in just a single route since a great deal of the decisions and choices will in general be made at the altering stage. Genuine instances of movies which are pretty much pragmatist in style are narratives. This is because of the way that they grandstand occasions that have happened previously and they will in general draw out these occasions in a way that is justifiable by the watcher with negligible if any control as far as the story line or the aesthetic piece of the film. In this article we are significantly worried about the Italian and British authenticity and how their thoughts were utilized in filmmaking. Above all else we can characterize Italia authenticity as a sort of association that had a national effect regarding the movies they created and advised to its crowd to such an extent that they were significantly worried about what was occurring in the general public be it poor people and common laborers connections, to their everyday life not overlooking the things that influenced them as neediness, social bad form only however to give some examples. In the British authenticity case it was to a greater extent a development of resistance rather that an association whose primary concern was to cut off totally the impacts that outside movie producers like Hollywood was having on its filmmaking industry. To them it was a way to a reason where they imagined a period where nearby concerned and styles would be tended to in filmmaking instead of the typ ical techniques and styles that any semblance of Hollywood had brought out as the request for occasion. We will investigate the different attributes and properties that involved neorealism films with the issues, for example, on the spot shooting rather than studio arrangements coming up, creation of movies in a narrative sort of style, utilization of social substance when it came to composing film contents among different issues like the utilization of non-proficient entertainers. These are simply however a couple of the focuses that will direct us in the investigation of the equivalent. Likewise to observe is that in the Italian authenticity examination we will utilize our contextual investigation film as the Bicycle cheats film

Basic Firewall Operation Computer Science Essay

Fundamental Firewall Operation Computer Science Essay A firewall is a bit of programming or equipment that channels all networkâ traffic between the PC, neighborhood system or business arrange and Internet. Firewall is a segment of a PC framework or networkâ designed to square unapproved get to whileâ allowedâ communication. It is a gadget or gathering of devicesâ configuredâ deny, scramble, unscramble, or intermediary all (inside and outside) trafficâ teamâ between diverse security areas dependent on a setâ Firewalls can be executed in equipment orâ software,â orâ a blend of both. A firewall can be not many rulesâ determine what traffic isâ being allowed inside or outside your home network. Depending on theâ typeâ firewall set up, access to certain IP addresses or domainâ names, or you can obstruct specific kinds of traffic by blocking of TCP/IP the ports they use. There are fundamentally four components utilized by server’sâ security limit traffic. A gadget or program can utilize more than one of these inâ relationshipâ together for more profundity protection. The four mechanismsâ ofâ packet sifting, circuit-level entryway, theâ proxy-server and application Gateway. Nonetheless, Firewall has some drawbacks. Initial gear cost is the fundamental factor that decides the Better correspondence innovation organize security required. The firewall can't ensure against assaults that bypass firewall. To For model, dial-in and dial-out access. The firewall doesn't secure against inward threats. The firewall can't ensure against transmission of the virusâ infectionâ programs or files. It would be unreasonable and perhapsâ impossible to scanâ all approaching documents, messages and messages forâ virusâ Time to time, the utilization of less expensive Internet andâ linksâ much faster. This leaves numerous individuals consistently need toâ use long time. It isâ increasing the introduction of PCs to variousâ threatsâ Internet. When utilizing an enemy of infection programming protectsâ computersâ viruses, not different types of Internet intruders. A server Safety bodyguard keep between your PC and the Internet,â decide what ways to open, and that can come Overview of Firewall - II A firewall inspects all traffic sent between two systems to check whether it meets certain rules. Assuming this is the case, is steered between the systems, else it stops. A firewall channels approaching and active traffic. You can likewise oversee free to private arranged assets, for example, have applications. It tends to be utilized to record all endeavors to enter the private system and trigger cautions when unfriendly or unapproved section endeavor. Firewalls can channel parcels dependent on their source and goal locations and port numbers. This is known as address separating. Firewalls can likewise channel explicit kinds of system traffic. This is otherwise called convention sifting in light of the fact that the choice to advance or reject traffic relies upon the convention utilized, for example, HTTP, FTP or Telnet. Firewalls can likewise channel traffic by parcel trait or state. A firewall can't forestall singular clients with modems to dial in or outside the system without experiencing the firewall by any stretch of the imagination. Worker wrongdoing or carelessness can't be constrained by firewalls. Strategies with respect to utilize and abuse of passwords and client accounts must be carefully authorized. These are the executives gives that must be solicited in the arranging from any security arrangement, yet can't be illuminated with firewalls alone. [5]

Discussing The Diagnosis, Treatment, And Care Of Cancer - 1650 Words

Paper Discussing The Diagnosis, Treatment, And Care Of Cancer (Research Paper Sample) Content: Care of CancerNameInstitutional AffiliationCare of CancerIntroductionAs one of the leading causes of death in the USA, cancer has become a serious cause of concern for many. Over the years, the screening and diagnosis approaches of cancer have significantly improved. This has contributed immensely to the increased survival rates of cancer patients (Wyatt Hulbert-Williams, 2015). Along the same vein, it is important to understand the importance of care to cancer patients. Considered a terminal illness, it is vital that cancer patients are provided with adequate care that meets all their needs while preparing them for all possibilities that they face (Earle Neville, 2004). This paper looks to explore how care of cancer is administered and how it contributes to the recovery and healing of patients.Diagnosis and StagingThe diagnosis of cancer is not usually a one-approach process. This is often as a result of the serious nature of the disease, and the need for physician s to be sure that their diagnosis is accurate. Considering these facts, physicians rely on a number of methods to diagnose cancer. The first and most common is the physical examination (Adler Page, 2008). During this process, physicians typically examine the body for lumps, organ enlargements, or changes in skin color, which can typically indicate the presence of cancerous cells. Secondly, physicians will also conduct laboratory tests on blood and urine to ascertain the presence of cancer. A complete blood count is one of the common tests performed on blood to investigate the presence of abnormal types or numbers of white blood cells (Wyatt Hulbert-Williams, 2015). In addition to these two approaches, imaging tests and biopsies are also significantly relied upon in diagnosing cancer. Imaging tests often involve ultrasounds, x-rays, bone scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, PET (positron emission tomography) scans, and CT (computerized tomography) scans. These tests allow for the examination of internal organs and bones to determine the presence of cancer (Wyatt Hulbert-Williams, 2015). Biopsies are perhaps the most effective approach to diagnosing cancer. A physician collects a sample of cells and tests them in the laboratory. In most instances, the presence of disorganized and disorderly cells of varying sizes indicates the presence of cancer.Staging is the process by which physicians determine the severity of cancer based on how much it has spread to other parts of the patients body (Pravinkumar, Rathi Haque, 2016). It is instrumental in developing an appropriate course of treatment for the patient. In determining the stage of cancer, physicians typically rely on the TNM system. This system examines the extent to which the tumor has grown (T), the degree and extent of the cancers spread to the lymph nodes (N), and finally the existence of metastasis (M) which examines the spread of the cancer to other body parts (Pravinkumar et al., 2016). From these factors, cancer can be staged. The stage is usually assigned in Roman numerals, ranging from I-IV.TreatmentWhen it comes to cancer treatment, physicians typically recommend treatment options based on the type and stage of the diagnosed cancer (Kirk, 2004). However, it is important to note that there are several options available to patients. Some of the most commonly used treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. In addition to these methods, immunotherapy, stem cell transplants, targeted drug therapy, and hormone therapy are also used as treatment approaches to cancer (Earle Neville, 2004). While these approaches provide some form of variety in terms of treatment approaches, they are not exhaustive. As such, research and clinical trials are consistently undertaken in the hopes of developing new or more effective ways of treating cancer.In matters of cancer treatment, there are some core objectives that physicians look to accomplish. The first a nd most important is to cure cancer, thus allowing the patient to resume normal life (Adler Page, 2008). The second is providing primary treatment. The core objective of primary treatment is to either kill cancer cells or completely eliminate the cells from the body. This usually involves surgery. The third objective is to provide adjuvant treatment. This form of treatment is aimed at removing any cancer cells that may still remain the body after receiving primary treatment (Adler Page, 2008). Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation therapy are commonly used in administering this form of treatment. The last, and also one of the most important, is palliative treatment. The treatments undertaken in palliative treatment and care are purposely aimed at reducing the symptoms, signs, or side effects of cancer (Pravinkumar et al., 2016). Medication is usually used in this respect. However, it can also be used in combination with any other approach to bolster the effectiveness of the palliative treatment and care provided.ComplicationsThere are numerous complications that may arise from cancer, and this is one of the reasons why cancer is a deadly disease. One of the worst complications is cancer that metastasizes to other body parts. As a result of this spreading, patients are often subjected to a significant amount of turmoil physically, emotionally, and financially (Kirk, 2004). They are also forced to consider new treatment approaches in addition to the ones that they are currently using, and this significantly worsens their situation (Pravinkumar et al., 2016). Another detrimental complication is the recurrence of cancer. This often follows a period of remission. The return of cancer imposes significant stresses on patients and their families as they are forced to relive the ordeal that they went through the first time they were diagnosed with cancer (Wyatt Hulbert-Williams, 2015). The presence of cancerous cells that remained after treatment can easily r esult in the return of a more aggressive cancer, which can take a significant toll on the patient (Pravinkumar et al., 2016). Additionally, it results in significant emotional, physical, and financial stresses on the patients and their families, making it one of the most difficult complications to endure (Higginson Evans, 2010). Third, the development of paraneoplastic syndrome is another dangerous complication that may arise from cancer (Wyatt Hulbert-Williams, 2015). This syndrome causes the immune system of the patient to respond unusually or abnormally to cancer by attacking healthy body cells. Some of the effects of this syndrome include loss of coordination, seizures, sensory loss in limbs, and even difficulty walking and maintaining balance. Fortunately, this complication is quite rare in occurrence.Approach to CareBased on the above information, it is clear that cancer takes its toll on the patient as well as on their loved ones. Similarly, it has numerous effects and comp lications that only stand to complicate the treatment of cancer further. As a result, approach to the care of cancer is a process that demands strong collaborative efforts from all stakeholders in order to develop a holistic approach that meets all the patients and their loved ones needs (Surbone, Baider, Weitzman, Brames, Rittenberg, Johnson, 2009). For maximum effectiveness, this care should be provided from the point of diagnosis and the start of treatment (Adler Page, 2008). Some of the goals that care of cancer should fulfill include providing guidance to patients and their families in making treatment-related decisions, providing support to the patient to satisfy their emotional, spiritual, and practical needs and concerns, and even providing support to family members and caregivers (Higginson Evans, 2010; Kirk, 2004). Similarly, it is vital in helping patients understand the goals of treatment and treating some of the symptoms that may arise from cancer.Achieving these goa ls is a task that requires a collaborative effort. Some of the stakeholders in the care of cancer include the oncologist, nurses, and palliative medicine physicians (Higginson Evans, 2010). These primary members are instrumental in guiding and executing the treatment process (Kirk, 2004). They will work together to administer treatment, prescribe appropriate medication to combat some of the side effects and symptoms, as well as help in pain management and where possible, conduct home visits to administer palliative care.In addition to these professionals, there are other important contrib...

Hist 405 Entire Course - 1041 Words

HIST 405 Entire Course Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/LgnV/ Product Description HIST 405 Final ExamHIST 405 Quiz Week 2 HIST 405 Quiz Week 4 HIST 405 Quiz Week 6 HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 1 The Cost of Expansion HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 2 Colonial Identities HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 1 The American Revolution HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 2 Confederation and Constitution HIST 405 Week 2 Webliography HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 1 The Market Revolution HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 2 Manifest Destiny HIST 405 Week 4 Assignment United States ConstitutionHIST 405 Entire Course Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/LgnV/ Product Description HIST 405 Final ExamHIST 405 Quiz Week 2 HIST 405 Quiz Week 4 HIST 405 Quiz Week 6 HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 1 The†¦show more content†¦405 Quiz Week 2 HIST 405 Quiz Week 4 HIST 405 Quiz Week 6 HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 1 The Cost of Expansion HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 2 Colonial Identities HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 1 The American Revolution HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 2 Confederation and Constitution HIST 405 Week 2 Webliography HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 1 The Market Revolution HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 2 Manifest Destiny HIST 405 Week 4 Assignment United States Constitution HIST 405 Week 4 DQ 1 The Civil War HIST 405 Week 4 DQ 2 Reconstruction HIST 405 Week 5 DQ 1 America and the Industrial Revolution HIST 405 Week 5 DQ 2 Imperialism and America HIST 405 Week 6 DQ 1 The Great Depression HIST 405 Week 6 DQ 2 World War II HIST 405 Week 6 Webliography 2 HIST 405 Week 7 Assignment America and the Great War HIST 405 Week 7 DQ 1 The Cold War and America HIST 405 Week 7 DQ 2 Terrorism in the 21st Century HIST 405 Entire Course Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/LgnV/ Product Description HIST 405 Final ExamHIST 405 Quiz Week 2 HIST 405 Quiz Week 4 HIST 405 Quiz Week 6 HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 1 The Cost of Expansion HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 2 Colonial Identities HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 1 The American Revolution HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 2 Confederation and Constitution HIST 405 Week 2 Webliography HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 1 The Market Revolution HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 2 Manifest Destiny HIST 405 Week 4 Assignment United States Constitution HIST 405 Week 4 DQ 1 The Civil War HIST 405 Week 4 DQ 2 Reconstruction HIST 405 Week 5 DQ 1 AmericaShow MoreRelatedHist 405 Entire Course945 Words   |  4 PagesHIST 405 Entire Course Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/LgnV/ Product Description HIST 405 Final ExamHIST 405 Quiz Week 2 HIST 405 Quiz Week 4 HIST 405 Quiz Week 6 HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 1 The Cost of Expansion HIST 405 Week 1 DQ 2 Colonial Identities HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 1 The American Revolution HIST 405 Week 2 DQ 2 Confederation and Constitution HIST 405 Week 2 Webliography HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 1 The Market Revolution HIST 405 Week 3 DQ 2 Manifest Destiny HIST 405 Week 4 AssignmentRead MoreThorough Business Enterprises Outline Essay18871 Words   |  76 Pagesdividing profits, losses are divided in same way. If agreement is totally silent, everything is divided equally. c. (c): Partners must reimburse partner for payments made and indemnify him for liabilities incurred in ordinary course of business. d. (d): If partner contributes more than required, Partnership must reimburse e. (f): Each partner has equal rights in the management and conduct of business (equal voting rights). If want

Corporate Law Crowdfunding

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Law for Crowdfunding. Answer: Introduction The technology development in the recent times has had a profound impact on a plethora of activities and fund raising by business is one of these. Internet is widely used as a mechanism by entrepreneurs to enhance their reach to people and thereby make a request for funding and hence work out an arrangement that is mutually beneficial. Such an arrangement is referred to as crowdfunding and in the recent times has become immensely popular globally. Crowdfunding Concept and Role Crowdfunding refers to a mechanism of fund raising for undertaking various businesses with the help of a network that typically comprises of relatives, common people, friends along with investors (both retail and institutional). This method of financing is particularly popular amongst small businesses particularly startups which face difficulty in raising business funds through formal financing sources such as banks[1]. The use of this funding mechanism is not limited to startups only and even some larger companies are choosing this model. For implementing crowdfunding, the companies tend to rely either on specialised crowdfunding mechanisms and/or social media in order to enhance the reach to a host of people and thereby convince them too make contribution towards the business. In the event, that no returns are derived by the investors, then these contributions are termed as donations. The donation of money would typically happen in those cases where the firm is engaged in activitie s that the donor aims to promote. For example, any business which may be selling various aids to disabled people at minimal profits may attract crowdfunding in the form of donations as the business activity has an underlying noble cause. On the other hand, there is investment through crowdfunding which is prompted by the need for returns on the investment made. Besides, crowdfunding may also serve as a substitute of debt financing as interest payments may be done for money raised through crowdfunding. Additionally, crowdfunding may also be done for businesses in exchange of equity or ownership in the business and hence leads to contributors becoming shareholders[2]. In order to raise financing through this mechanism, crowd funding campaigns are organised on the internet. This would typically involve more information about the activities that the firm undertakes and also the tentative expansion plans with estimated returns that the contributors could hope to earn. As a result, such campaigns are essentially the test of the marketing skills of the business considering the wide array of options available to the investors[3]. While crowdfunding appeals to a host of people with lucrative business ideas but it is imperative that money must be utilised in a responsible manner. There is an attempt by certain businesses just to raise finance and then close down business. As a result, it is imperative that effective laws should be in place so as to protect this nascent industry and also ensure that investors interest in not jeopardised. ASIC in this regard advocated that its treatment would be akin to the other management investment schemes and therefore only those firms which have s financial services license could resort to it. Further in case of equity based crowdfunding schemes, it is imperative that the firm would issue a prospectus and would also make information disclosures as per Corporations Act 2001. Also, it is required that various laws that are related to protection of consumer and intellectual property would be applicable for crowdfunding financing. Besides, an Australian law passed in 2015 states that equity crowdfunding would be allowed for those unlisted public companies which have an asset base lower than $ 5 million[4]. It is expected that with a growing economy, the incidence and scope of crowdfunding would increase. However, for industry to mature, it is imperative that borrowers display a responsible behaviour and ensure that promises are not violated with actions taken in bad faith as it may lead to a tragedy of commons for the industry. Also, with regards to equity investors, it is essential to have adequate infrastructure so as to service the informational needs of the investors. Besides, it is also imperative that the inherent risk in crowdfunding especially equity financing needs to be highlighted as the investors in such schemes lack the requisite skills for risk analysis which is characteristic of conventional lenders. Crowdfunding Examples Commercial Context An example of commercial context crowdfunding is the raising of money of Singapore based business Zookal. It aimed at the students in universities and provided them with a host of services. The firm was successful in raising $ 500,000 through crowdfunding[5]. The role of crowdfunding is apparent from the successful financing by this company which would have faced issues with raising finance through traditional sources of finance. Additionally due to the growing incidence of service oriented businesses (some of which may be based on e-commerce),the demand and popularity of crowdfunding is on the increase. It is an innovative way to offer finance to the firm and an opportunity to be shareholders to the people at large. It is imperative that government should provide support to crowdfunding as it could fund businesses which could foster economic growth and provide employment to Australian people considering their specialised skill sets. Social Context One example of usage of crowdfunding in the social context is that of ASRC (Asylum Seeker Resource Centre). The organisation seeks to buy a truck which would ensure availability of grocery items to asylum seekers at reasonable prices. For buying the truck, the organisation has commenced a crowdfunding campaign by using the Startsomegood.com platform so as to make a plea to people for making donation for this noble cause[6]. These asylum seekers are majorly refugees who do not receive adequate support from the government and also are deprived of working rights and therefore are completely dependent on humanitarian aid received by organisations such as ASRC. Crowdfunding as a source of finance is critical for social organisations which require donations and hence need to widen their reach to sensitive people in the community who are willing to donate money for such causes. Thus, prudent regulation on the part of government is imperative to ensure growth of this industry while safeguard ing the investors interest. Proposed Legislative Framework -Australia The growing size and scope of crowdfunding clearly highlights the need of regulation globally so as to ensure that the legitimate interests of both firms and investors are safeguarded. In this context, the response of the Australian government has been rather slow and hence there is no dedicated legislation in place for crowdfunding at present[7]. Present Scenario The government presently deploys a regulatory framework which stipulates strict monitoring of the various models related to crowdfunding for ensuring that investor interest is safeguarded. The prevalent framework is related to that prescribed for managed investment schemes and ensures that intermediaries possess licence of AFS and ensuring that disclosure requirements mandated in Chapter 6D, Corporations Act 2001 are adhered to[8]. This framework is unsuitable for the growth of this industry and inhibits the realisation of its fullest potential. Proposed Legislative Framework The government has realised the need for a dedicated legislative framework for crowdfunding due to the rising popularity of the same. In this regard, CAMAC (Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee) advocated that regulation mechanism needs to be introduced for governance of crowd-sourced equity funding (CSEF)[9]. As a result, the Federal Parliament in December 2015 introduced the Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Bill 2015 which had the following features[10]. Funds could be raised only by any company which is declared as eligible CFS company. Such companies are those whose annual turnover is lower than $ 5 million and also the companies need to be public limited. For availing crowdfunding by way of equity a new company needs to be created known as exempt public company. The above status may be claimed by various interested borrowing companies for a limited duration of time. The intermediaries involved in raising finance and operating crowdfunding platforms in this manner must avail ASIC license and hence would be termed as CFS Intermediary. This would ensure better communication with the investors and also issuance of requisite warnings with respect to the issuers. Also, these online intermediaries are barred from offering investment advice due to potential conflict of interest. A cap has been introduced for individual investors in order to limit their highest possible loss caused due to business failure. These investors can make a maximum investment of $ 2,500 with regards to a particular firm and also the cumulative investment made annually must not be in excess of $ 10,000. Besides, for issuer firm also, no more than $ 2 million can be raise in a particular financial year using crowdfunding based equity scheme. Besides, the issuer firm cannot issue any advertisement in order to promote or inform the investors about the crowdfunding scheme. It is expected that the above measures would introduce the requisite flexibility in regulation of the CSEF industry and ensure that the standards are in line with developed countries such as US and UK[11]. However, there are certain clauses with regards to certain disclosures and formation of exempt company which tends to enhance the overall complexity and may be counterproductive[12]. UKs Approach to Crowdfunding There is a variety of approaches that companies have displayed towards the regulation of crowdfunding. There are certain countries (US, France, Germany) which tend to follow a restrictive approach while is quite in contract to the flexible approach adopted by other countries (New Zealand, UK) [13]. A comparison of the UK approach and that adhered by Australia in the context of crowdfunding regulation is presented below. As mentioned in the legislative framework of Australia, the maximum amount that could be raised annually is restricted at $ 2million and also the issuer company must adopt the status of an exempt public company. Also, the intermediaries are required to conduct due diligence of the issuers on a regular basis besides operating under an ASIC license. Besides, there is an investment cap on the individual investor which has been defined rather conservatively. Hence, the overall regulatory framework seems restrictive in scope and thus only limited financing could be raised by the interested firms[14]. However, in contrast UK follows a much liberal and flexible approach with the investment cap applicable on investors being much higher at 5 million. Besides, there is no obligation on the intermediaries involved to avail a particular license to engage in the crowdfunding process. The existing securities licence which deals with similar products is sufficient and also the funding should be raised through multiple instruments[15]. This is unlike the case in Australia where the funds need to be necessarily raised in the form of equity only. Thus, it may be inferred that in regards to crowdfunding regulation, the approach adopted by UK offers more flexibility than Australia and augers well for crowdfunding. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it is imperative that the government needs to take prudent measures to regulate the booming crowdfunding industry so as to ensure that this nascent industry realises it true potential[16]. However, the current regulatory framework proposed in 2015 seems to restrictive and needs to made more flexible by conducting relevant discussion with the stakeholders so that a delicate equilibrium could be worked out which ensures a readily available funding mechanism for small firms and prudent investment opportunity for investors. References Afr.com, Government Blows Its Chance With Equity Crowdfunding Laws (3 December 2015) https://www.afr.com/technology/government-blows-it-chance-with-equity-crowdfunding-laws-20151203-glelmr Asylum Seeker Resource Centre, Food Justice Truck (2016) https://www.asrc.org.au/foodjustice/ Australian Government, Crowd-sourced Equity Funding [2014] Discussion Paper. Australian Government, Crowd-sourced Equity Funding Report [2014] Corporations and Market Advisory Committee. Dennis Briintje and Oliver Gajda, Crowdfunding In Europe: State Of The Art In Theory And Practice (Springer, 2016) 55 Erin Brown, Crowdfunding in Australia: A viable alternative?(24 May 2016) mccabes https://www.mccabes.com.au/crowdfunding-australia-viable-alternative/. Kevin Lawton and Dan Maron, The Crowdfunding Revolution: How To Raise Venture Capital Using Social Media (Mcgraw Hill, 2013) 72 Legal Vision, What You Need To Know About Crowdfunding In 2016 (5 January 2016) https://legalvision.com.au/what-you-need-to-know-about-crowdfunding-in-2016/ Leigh Schulz and Domenic Mollica, The regulation of crowdfunding in Australia: where are we and whats to come?[2015] Australian Banking Finance Law Bulletin. Startupsmart.com, First Equity Crowdfunding Deal In Australia For 2016 Raises More Than $ 675000 (2 February 2016) https://www.startupsmart.com.au/advice/legal/first-equity-crowdfunding-deal-in-australia-for-2016-raises-more-than-675000/ Therese Torris, Global Crowdfunding Local Regulation: From Light Touch to Prescriptive Bespoke Rules (18 May 2016) Crowdfund Insider https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2016/05/85762-global-crowdfunding-local-regulation-from-light-touch-to-prescriptive-bespoke-rules/ . Thomas Elliott Young, The Everything Guide To Crowdfunding (Adams Media, 2013) 14 James Bull and Harry New, New equity crowd-source funding (CSF) legislation (2015) (4) Butterworths Corporation Law Bulletin 7, 9.

THE POSTGRADUATE COURSES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. Essays - Education

THE POSTGRADUATE COURSES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 1. Pre-master course : Post graduate Foundation Programes(6-9 month) -Form: The programme of course: learning English + research skills and postgraduate study + elective subject. - Diploma: Master's degree => +The course will ensure you can continue to master at a certain university in United Kingdom. + Some of program is designed specifically to prepare for the MBA class. 2. Postgraduate Diploma and Certificate (MA/Diploma; MSc/Diploma ): PGCE, PG Dip, PG Cert: (9 month) - Form: + The content of this course :specific subjects, for example, the Post Diploma Certificate management science, education and information technology. + Based on the teaching of science and not having research,and no project or thesis. - Diploma: Postgraduate Certificate (PG Cert) Postgraduate Diploma (PG Dip) => as the professional qualifications can make a great start in the profession. 3. Masters programs(MA, MSc, LLM, MEd,and the other programs): is called Taught Masters ( 1 year) - Form: + Type of research programs of study in a context / environment, for example, the interdisciplinary master's program in science or in a practical application environment. + to complete a number of subjects: participating in lectures and discussions, essay writing and exam and researching for thesis. - Diploma: Master of Arts (MA) Master of Education (MEd), Master of Science (MSc), Master of Law (LLM) => bringing a depth of knowledge in a narrow specialization of disciplines. > Beside: Having 2 other forms of master's programs: 4. Research Master's Course(Mres): (1-3 years) - Form: + The program content focuses on the development of research skills of students and research a single topic. + This program requires a project / thesis of a longer essay Taught master's courses - Diploma: Master of Philosophy (MPhil) Master by research (MA/MSc) Master of Research (MRes) => To be useful for graduate students preparing for a doctorate (PhD) or graduate students working in areas related to research. 5. Master-business administration (MBA) : (1 year) - Form: + Designed on the basis of practical experience of students should bring a very high level of skills in business and administration. + Type of MBA: MBA tong quat (General MBA) & MBA chuyn ngnh (Specialist MBA) - Diploma: Master of Business Administration (MBA) => Making an opportunities on the management level. 6. PhD programs: including: . Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil) course (minium 3 years): - Form: is a research program (Research Doctorates), the result of course is a project / dissertation from 70.000 to 100.000 words with the unique innovation and in principle, the initiative could be announced. - Diploma: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil) including New route PhD . Taught Doctorates course (minium 3 years): - Form: Ologies: technology (Deng), administrator (DBA), music (DMus) and education (DED). - Diploma: Doctor of Education (DEd) Doctor of Engineering (DEng) Doctor of Management (DBA) . New route PhD course (4 years) - Form: Focus on 9 fields: Social sciences, arts, humanities, languages, economics, and business administration, natural sciences, mathematics, technology, medicine. => To satisfy the needs of the economy based on knowledge of today and to meet the needs of enterprises for personnel.